Lay summaries

Pre-surgery (neo adjuvant) trials (for patients before surgery to remove the kidney tumour)

Pre-surgery (neo adjuvant) trials (for patients before surgery to remove the kidney tumour)

Trial name	Agents	Phase	Status	Sponsor	Further information
Nivolumab in Treating Patients With Localized Kidney Cancer Undergoing Nephrectomy (EA8143 PROSPER-RCC)	Nivolumab	III	active, not recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
A Study of Anti-PD1 (Nivolumab) Therapy as Pre- and Post-operative Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer (ADAPTeR)	Nivolumab	II	recruiting	Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust	click here
A Study Evaluating the Effect of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With Renal Cell Cancer (MK-3475-031)	Pembrolizumab Pre-Resection, Pembrolizumab Post-Resection	I	terminated	Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.	click here

Adjuvant trials (for patients immediately after surgery)

Adjuvant trials (for patients immediately after surgery)

Trial name	Agents	Phase	Status	Sponsor	Further information
Safety and Efficacy Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as Monotherapy in the Adjuvant Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma Post Nephrectomy (MK-3475-564/KEYNOTE-564)	Placebo (saline solution), Pembrolizumab	III	active, not recruiting	Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	click here
A Study Comparing the Combination of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Versus Placebo in Participants With Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 914)	Placebo	III	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Nivolumab in Treating Patients With Localized Kidney Cancer Undergoing Nephrectomy (EA8143 PROSPER-RCC)	Nivolumab	III	active, not recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
A Study of Atezolizumab as Adjuvant Therapy in Participants With Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) at High Risk of Developing Metastasis Following Nephrectomy (IMmotion010)	Atezolizumab	III	terminated	Hoffmann-La Roche	click here
Renal Adjuvant MultiPle Arm Randomised Trial (RAMPART)	Durvalumab, Tremelimumab	III	recruiting	University College, London	click here

First line treatment (for patients who have not yet had any systemic therapy for advanced kidney cancer)

First line treatment (for patients who have not yet had any systemic therapy for advanced kidney cancer)

Trial name	Agents	Phase	Status	Sponsor	Further information
A Study to Evaluate the Safety of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Subjects With Previously Untreated Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer (CHECKMATE 920)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	IV	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Study of Cabozantinib in Combination With Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (COSMIC-313)	Cabozantinib, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Cabozantinib-matched placebo	III	active, not recruiting	Exelixis	click here
A Study of Nivolumab Combined With Cabozantinib Compared to Sunitinib in Previously Untreated Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 9ER)	Cabozantinib, Sunitinib	III	active, not recruiting	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
An Immunotherapy Study of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab Versus Nivolumab Alone in Participants With Advanced Kidney Cancer	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	III	active, not recruiting	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Followed by Nivolumab Versus Cabozantinib and Nivolumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Untreated Renal Cell Cancer (PDIGREE)	Cabozantinib, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	III	recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
A Study of NKTR-214 in Combination With Nivolumab Compared With the Investigator's Choice of a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Therapy (Either Sunitinib or Cabozantinib Monotherapy) for Advanced Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)	Cabozantinib, Sunitinib, NKTR-214	III	terminated	Nektar Therapeutics	click here
Phase 3 Trial of Autologous Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy Plus Standard Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (ADAPT)	Standard Treatment	III	terminated	Argos Therapeutics	click here
Nivolumab Combined With Ipilimumab Versus Sunitinib in Previously Untreated Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 214)	Sunitinib	III	active, not recruiting	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
A Study of Atezolizumab in Combination With Bevacizumab Versus Sunitinib in Participants With Untreated Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) (IMmotion151)	Sunitinib, Bevacizumab, Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), an engineered anti-PD-L1 antibody	III	completed	Hoffmann-La Roche	click here
Lenvatinib/Everolimus or Lenvatinib/Pembrolizumab Versus Sunitinib Alone as Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (CLEAR)	Lenvatinib, Everolimus, Sunitinib, Pembrolizumab	III	active, not recruiting	Eisai Inc.	click here
A Study of Avelumab With Axitinib Versus Sunitinib In Advanced Renal Cell Cancer (JAVELIN Renal 101)	Sunitinib, Avelumab (MSB0010718C), Axitinib (AG-013736)	III	active, not recruiting	Pfizer	click here
Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Axitinib Versus Sunitinib Monotherapy in Participants With Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-3475-426/KEYNOTE-426)	Sunitinib, Axitinib	III	active, not recruiting	Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	click here
Savolitinib vs. Sunitinib in MET-driven PRCC	Sunitinib, Savolitinib	III	active, not recruiting	AstraZeneca	click here
Phase Ib and Phase II Studies of MK-3475 in Combination + for Renal Cell Carcinoma:	Bevacizumab, MK-3475	I, II	completed	Arkadiusz Z. Dudek, MD	click here
Cabozantinib S-Malate, Crizotinib, Savolitinib, or Sunitinib Malate in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Kidney Cancer	Cabozantinib, Sunitinib, Savolitinib, Cabozantinib S-malate, Crizotinib, Sunitinib Malate	II	active, not recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
Pazopanib in Combination With Interferon Alfa 2-A, in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma	Pazopanib + interferon alpha 2A	I, II	completed	Spanish Oncology Genito-Urinary Group	click here
An Investigational Immuno-Therapy Safety and Efficacy Study of Multiple Administration Regimens for Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in Subjects With Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 800)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	II	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Phase II Sequential Treatment Trial of Single Agent Nivolumab, Then Combination Ipilimumab + Nivolumab in Metastatic or Unresectable Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ANZUP1602) (UNISoN)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	II	active, not recruiting	Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group	click here
A Study Of Avelumab In Combination With Axitinib In Advanced Renal Cell Cancer (JAVELIN Renal 100)	Avelumab (MSB0010718C), Axitinib (AG-013736)	I	completed	Pfizer	click here
A Dose Finding Study To Evaluate Safety, Drug Interaction, Tumor Markers Of Axitinib In Combination With MK-3475 In Adult Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced Renal Cell Cancer	Axitinib, MK-3475	I	completed	Pfizer	click here
Nivolumab With or Without Bevacizumab or Ipilimumab Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer That Can Be Removed by Surgery	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Bevacizumab		active, not recruiting	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	click here

Second line treatment (for patients who have had only one prior systemic therapy)

Second line treatment (for patients who have had only one prior systemic therapy)

Trial name	Agents	Phase	Status	Sponsor	Further information
Study of Nivolumab (BMS-936558) vs. Everolimus in Pre-Treated Advanced or Metastatic Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 025)	Everolimus	III	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Savolitinib vs. Sunitinib in MET-driven PRCC	Sunitinib, Savolitinib	III	active, not recruiting	AstraZeneca	click here
Phase II Sequential Treatment Trial of Single Agent Nivolumab, Then Combination Ipilimumab + Nivolumab in Metastatic or Unresectable Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ANZUP1602) (UNISoN)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	II	active, not recruiting	Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group	click here
An Investigational Immuno-Therapy Safety and Efficacy Study of Multiple Administration Regimens for Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in Subjects With Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 800)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	II	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Cabozantinib S-Malate, Crizotinib, Savolitinib, or Sunitinib Malate in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Kidney Cancer	Cabozantinib, Sunitinib, Savolitinib, Cabozantinib S-malate, Crizotinib, Sunitinib Malate	II	active, not recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
Trial of X4P-001 in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma	Axitinib, X4P-001	I, II	completed	X4 Pharmaceuticals	click here
Phase 1b/2 Trial of Lenvatinib (E7080) Plus Pembrolizumab in Subjects With Selected Solid Tumors	Lenvatinib, Pembrolizumab	I, II	completed	Eisai Inc.	click here
Phase Ib and Phase II Studies of MK-3475 in Combination + for Renal Cell Carcinoma:	Bevacizumab, MK-3475	I, II	completed	Arkadiusz Z. Dudek, MD	click here
A Phase 1/2 Study Exploring the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Epacadostat (INCB024360) in Subjects With Selected Cancers (INCB 24360-202 / MK-3475-037 / KEYNOTE-037/ ECHO-202)	MK-3475, INCB024360	I, II	active, not recruiting	Incyte Corporation	click here
Safety and Tolerability of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) + Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b and Pembrolizumab+ Ipilimumab in Participants With Advanced Melanoma or Renal Cell Carcinoma (MK-3475-029/KEYNOTE-29)	Ipilimumab, Pembrolizumab, Pegylated IFN-alpha 2b	I, II	completed	Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC	click here
Pazopanib in Combination With Interferon Alfa 2-A, in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma	Pazopanib + interferon alpha 2A	I, II	completed	Spanish Oncology Genito-Urinary Group	click here
Cabozantinib-s-malate and Nivolumab With or Without Ipilimumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Genitourinary Tumors	Cabozantinib, Cabozantinib S-malate	I	active, not recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
A Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Atezolizumab in Combination With Other Immune-Modulating Therapies in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors	Ipilimumab, Atezolizumab, Obinutuzumab, Bevacizumab, Interferon alfa-2b, PEG-interferon alfa-2a	I	completed	Hoffmann-La Roche	click here
Nivolumab With or Without Bevacizumab or Ipilimumab Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer That Can Be Removed by Surgery	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Bevacizumab		active, not recruiting	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	click here

Third line treatment (for patients who have had up to two prior systemic therapies)

Third line treatment (for patients who have had up to two prior systemic therapies)

Trial name	Agents	Phase	Status	Sponsor	Further information
Study of Nivolumab (BMS-936558) vs. Everolimus in Pre-Treated Advanced or Metastatic Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 025)	Everolimus	III	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Savolitinib vs. Sunitinib in MET-driven PRCC	Sunitinib, Savolitinib	III	active, not recruiting	AstraZeneca	click here
Phase II Sequential Treatment Trial of Single Agent Nivolumab, Then Combination Ipilimumab + Nivolumab in Metastatic or Unresectable Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ANZUP1602) (UNISoN)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	II	active, not recruiting	Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group	click here
An Investigational Immuno-Therapy Safety and Efficacy Study of Multiple Administration Regimens for Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in Subjects With Renal Cell Carcinoma (CheckMate 800)	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab	II	completed	Bristol-Myers Squibb	click here
Trial of X4P-001 in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma	Axitinib, X4P-001	I, II	completed	X4 Pharmaceuticals	click here
Phase 1b/2 Trial of Lenvatinib (E7080) Plus Pembrolizumab in Subjects With Selected Solid Tumors	Lenvatinib, Pembrolizumab	I, II	completed	Eisai Inc.	click here
Phase Ib and Phase II Studies of MK-3475 in Combination + for Renal Cell Carcinoma:	Bevacizumab, MK-3475	I, II	completed	Arkadiusz Z. Dudek, MD	click here
A Phase 1/2 Study Exploring the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Combination With Epacadostat (INCB024360) in Subjects With Selected Cancers (INCB 24360-202 / MK-3475-037 / KEYNOTE-037/ ECHO-202)	MK-3475, INCB024360	I, II	active, not recruiting	Incyte Corporation	click here
Pazopanib in Combination With Interferon Alfa 2-A, in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma	Pazopanib + interferon alpha 2A	I, II	completed	Spanish Oncology Genito-Urinary Group	click here
Cabozantinib-s-malate and Nivolumab With or Without Ipilimumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Genitourinary Tumors	Cabozantinib, Cabozantinib S-malate	I	active, not recruiting	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	click here
A Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Atezolizumab in Combination With Other Immune-Modulating Therapies in Participants With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors	Ipilimumab, Atezolizumab, Obinutuzumab, Bevacizumab, Interferon alfa-2b, PEG-interferon alfa-2a	I	completed	Hoffmann-La Roche	click here
Nivolumab With or Without Bevacizumab or Ipilimumab Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer That Can Be Removed by Surgery	Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Bevacizumab		active, not recruiting	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center	click here

tyrosine kinase inhibitor

A drug that interferes with cell communication and growth and may prevent tumour growth. Some tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used to treat cancer.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

The most common kind of kidney cancer. It arises in the small tubes of the kidneys. In the majority of cases, this is the clear cell type.

systemic therapy

Any treatment that reaches cells all over the body. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy are types of systemic therapy.

dendritic cell

Antigen-presenting cells of the immune sytem. They are presenting foreign proteins to other immune cells which then destroy the intruders.

immunotherapy

Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases.

nephrectomy

The removal of the kidney by surgery.

clear cell

A type of cell that looks clear inside when viewed under a microscope. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer

interferon

A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infections and other diseases).

metastasis

The spread of cancer from its original (primary) site to other parts of the body.

carcinoma

Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

pazopanib

A substance used for the treatment of cancer. It is a type of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and angiogenesis inhibitor. Pazopanib is a drug that is taken orally.

sunitinib

A drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer.

adjuvant

The use of other therapies after performing surgery for cancer. Adjuvant therapies are given when there are no obvious cancer cells remaining but a patient is determined to have a higher risk of having a recurrence. It is given in order to reduce the risk of a cancer recurrence.

oncology

The type of medical practice that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

systemic

Affecting the entire body.

antibody

An antibody is a protein produced plasma cells that helps the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

placebo

A dummy treatment that contains no active drug.

surgery

A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.

cancer

A term for diseases in which an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells happens which can invade and destroy nearby healthy tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.

kidney

One of a pair of organs located behind the abdominal cavity.

margin

The edge or border of the tissue removed in cancer surgery.

tumour

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumours may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer).

renal

Having to do with the kidneys.

cell

The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body.

NED

no evidence of disease on radiological imaging.

Afinitor (RAD001, everolimus)

A drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer.

tyrosine kinase inhibitor

A drug that interferes with cell communication and growth and may prevent tumour growth. Some tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used to treat cancer.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

The most common kind of kidney cancer. It arises in the small tubes of the kidneys. In the majority of cases, this is the clear cell type.

overall survival

The percentage of people in a study who are still alive at a defined time after they started treatment for their cancer.

immuno-oncology

Immuno-oncology (IO) therapy is a way to treat cancer by activating your immune system in the hope that it will attack your tumour.

sunitinib

A drug used to treat advanced kidney cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer.